Why Tapping Works: Speculations from the Observable Brain

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Ronald A. Ruden, M.D., Ph.D. A new therapy for phobias, PTSD, addictive behaviors and other psychological issues was first described by Dr. Roger Callahan and involves thought activation of the problem followed by tapping on certain acupoints in a specific sequence. For most cases, the problems were reportedly cured in a matter of minutes. We speculate on a neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanism for this technique. We propose that tapping and other sensory stimulation increase serotonin in both the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. The success of this technique requires that glutamate be first increased in the circuit by activating affect. We suggest the name 'Affect Activation/Sensory Stimulation' to encompass this general approach. AA/SS represents a paradigm shift for the treatment of these problems. INTRODUCTION In 1986, Dr. Roger Callahan discovered that tapping under the eye of an individual with a water phobia immediately and permanently cured this problem (Callahan, 2001). Tapping on specific traditional Chinese medicine acupoints in a specific sequence literally appears to throw a switch. After a successful treatment, disturbing thoughts decrease and the phobic response disappears, for good! A large study that involved over 29,000 patients was conducted using these tapping procedures. The remarkable results (Andrade & Feinstein, 2003) covered a wide range of problems, such as specific phobias, panic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, acute stress disorders, and anxiety-depressive disorders. This method was successful in 76% of the subjects. A neurobiological model must explain several characteristics of this therapy: • Why must the distress be activated before it can be treated? • Why is the treatment specific to one phobia at a time? • Why does the same protocol work for many different problems? • Why does the distress appear to diminish during tapping (Wolpe 1958)? • What is the transduction event that converts tapping into a biological event in the brain? • How and why does this treatment produce a rapid and permanent change in an individual's response to the distressful thought? THE AMYGDALA AND EMOTION Neuroimaging (Phan, Wager, Taylor & Liberzon, 2004), lesional (Cousens & Otto, 1998), (LeDoux, Ciccheti, Xagoraris & Romanski,1990), (Blanchard & Blanchard, 1972) and neuroanatomic (Sah, Farber, Lopez De Armentia & Powers, 2003) studies point to the amygdala as the final common pathway for expression of emotions. The amygdala is well suited for this job, receiving input from the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, the thalamus, midbrain nuclei, and other cortical and subcortical areas (Maren, 2001). The amygdala is made of several nuclei; the basolateral (BL), the lateral (LA) and the basomedial (BM) make up the basolateral complex, the BLA (Maren, 2001). The lateral nucleus receives the information from other areas. The associations between a conditioned stimulus and response are believed to be stored in the BLA, and when appropriate, a signal is sent to the Central (Ce) nucleus of the amygdala. Activation of the Ce is necessary to produce the behavioral, autonomic and endocrine components of an emotional response by activating other areas of the brain, including projecting neurons to the nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus, paraventricular nucleus, the hypothalamus, and the prefrontal cortex. ENCODING FEAR Of all the emotional states we experience, fear is the most primitive and powerful. If we understand how a fear response is disrupted, we may be able to understand how tapping works. Phobias are characterized by a persistent, irrational and excessive fear of objects or situations like bugs, colors, numbers, light, dark, bridges, tunnels, elevators and planes. Since no imminent danger is associated with these objects or situations, they can be considered conditioning stimuli (CS). A special genetic and environmentally modulated neurobiological landscape is necessary to encode a phobia (Gapenstand, Annas, Ekbolm, Oreland & Fredrikson, 2001). Treatment that disrupts the encoded phobic response may therefore extinguish it forever. Phobias are learned and as such are fundamentally different than responses to innate fears. A fear response is generated by sensing an innate fear, also called Unconditioned Fear Stimuli (UFS). Such stimuli reflect the fear of being killed and are hard wired in the brain, including fear of the unknown (novel situations), heights (falling), closed spaces (being trapped), open spaces (no place to hide), creepy crawly things (land based predators) and something coming out of our visual fields (air based predators). These survival stimuli do not reach consciousness because details are unimportant: only the emotion of fear is experienced, mandating avoidance. Accordingly, the thalamus, which is the first sensory connection in the brain, has direct projections to the amygdala (Doron & LeDoux, 1999). A phobia is generated by an innate (unconditioned) fear stimulus leading to a fear response in the presence of another object or situation. For example, traveling over a bridge (CS), you look down and see the height (UFS). The height causes fear, leading to a phobia of bridges. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Animal studies of conditioned fear suggest that glutamate agonists enhance learning and glutamate antagonists inhibit the learning of the fear response in mice (Myers & Davis, 2002). Glutamate, an excitatory amino acid, is involved in activating genes that are necessary for memory storage and retrieval (Reidel, Platt & Micheau, 2003). These genes alter the wiring and firing of neurons. This implies that glutamate is released locally where learning takes place. GABA, an inhibitory amino acid, inhibits glutamate and, as such, GABA agonists inhibit fear conditioning and GABA antagonists accelerate it (Myers & Davis, 2002). EXTINCTION TRAINING Chemical approaches have extinguished fear conditioning in animals using infusions of anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor (Nader, Schafe & LeDoux, 2000) and the GABA agonist muscimol (Muller, Corodimas, Feidel & Ledoux, 1997). The conclusions were that a fear response could only be disrupted shortly after being activated, that protein synthesis was involved, and that a GABA agonist could temporarily disrupt the fear response. In another experiment, depletion of serotonergic neurons prevented extinction of the fear. These results imply that serotonin plays a role in extinction (Fiberger, Lepiane & Phillips, 1978). Research has documented a group of inhibitory neurons intercalated between the BLA and the central nucleus (Ce) of the amygdala as the potential mechanism for this fear extinction. (Pare, Royer, Smith & Lang, 2003). WHY TAPPING WORKS We believe that "affect activation" is the critical aspect for success of the tapping method and propose that during affect activation, glutamate is locally released in areas corresponding to the neural circuit that initially encoded the conditioned fear. Without local release of glutamate, no amount of tapping will be effective. Tapping or other sensory stimulation (massage, eye movement, etc.) then causes a global, non-specific release of serotonin via ascending pathways

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